Prepare the Oven and Cinnamon Sugar: Preheat the oven to 330°F (165°C). In a small bowl, combine the raw or turbinado sugar and ½ teaspoon cinnamon.
Coat the Baking Pan: Generously grease an 8-inch (20 cm) square baking pan with butter. Add the cinnamon sugar mixture and coat the bottom and all sides of the pan generously. Shake any remaining cinnamon sugar back into the bowl and reserve it for topping the cake. Place the prepared pan in the refrigerator until ready to use so the butter can firm up and remain in place when the batter is added. Cream the Butter and Sugar: In the bowl of a stand mixer or a large bowl using an electric mixer, beat the room-temperature butter, granulated sugar, and vanilla on medium-high to high speed until the mixture is very light and fluffy.
Add the Eggs: Add the eggs one at a time, mixing well after each addition. Once both eggs have been incorporated, continue beating on high speed for 2 to 3 minutes, until the mixture has thickened and become very light.
Prepare the Remaining Ingredients: Measure the sour cream into a small bowl. In a separate medium bowl, combine the all-purpose flour, baking powder, kosher salt, and ¼ teaspoon cinnamon.
Combine the Batter: Alternately add the flour mixture and sour cream to the butter mixture, beginning and ending with the flour. Add the flour mixture in three additions and the sour cream in two additions, mixing briefly between each addition. Switch to a spatula and gently turn the batter a few times to ensure everything is evenly combined. Fill the Pan: Transfer the batter to the chilled, cinnamon-sugar-coated pan. Smooth the surface with a spatula or the back of a spoon, making sure there are no large air bubbles in the batter.
Add the Cinnamon Sugar Topping: Sprinkle the reserved cinnamon sugar evenly over the top of the batter.
Bake the Cake: Bake for 45 to 50 minutes. The cake is ready when the center springs back lightly when pressed with a finger and a skewer inserted into the middle comes out clean or with only a few moist crumbs attached.
Cool and Slice: Remove the cake from the oven and allow it to cool in the pan. If using a non-stick pan, slice the cake with a plastic knife or scraper to avoid damaging the pan.
Store and Reheat: Store the cake in an airtight container at room temperature for up to 4 days. If serving after the day it was baked, microwave individual portions briefly to re-warm and freshen the cake.